Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
Size: 8,292 sq km (3201 XNUMX sq mamaira)
yakasimbiswa: 1959
Distance from Arusha: Makiromita 180 110 (makiromita XNUMX XNUMX)
Description:
Ngorongoro Conservation Area yakazivisa zviri pamutemo nzvimbo yeUNESCO World Heritage Site muna 1979. Nzvimbo iyi ine nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye inosanganisira masango ane makomo akasvibira, masango, masango, madziva, uye machakwi. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchera matongo munyika, dzakadai seOldupai Gorge neLaetoli dzinogona kuwanikwa muNgorongoro Conservation Area. Vanochera matongo vakawana humbowo hunoratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi yakagarwa nemahominids anopfuura 3 miriyoni makore apfuura uye nekudaro vachiti inogona kunge iri nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwevanhu.
Uye zvamazvirokwazvo kune Ngorongoro Crater, gomba gurusa risina kuputsika, risingashandi, uye risina kuzadzwa munyika yose. Iine dhayamita ingangoita 19 km (12 mamaira) uye madziro ayo makuru anokwira kupfuura 610 m (2000 tsoka), iyo crater floor inofukidza nzvimbo ye260 sq km (100 sq mamaira). Mhuka dzinopfuura 30,000 40,000 kusanganisira chipembere chitema chisingawanzowanzi chinodaidza nzvimbo iyi yakasarudzika imba yadzo. Nhasi vanopfuura XNUMX Masais vanogara munzvimbo iyi vachiita Ngorongoro Conservation Area imwe yenzvimbo shoma muTanzania uko kugara kwevanhu kunobvumirwa mukati menzvimbo yakachengetedzwa mhuka dzesango. Kuchengetedza kunogovera muganhu neSerengeti National Park uye munhu anofanira kutyaira kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kuitira kuti asvike kuSerengeti.
Muchidimbu:
Uriri hwegomba hwakafukidzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana kubva kumasango emakomo akasvibira nemasango kusvika kune huswa, madziva, uye machakwi. Zvitubu zvemvura zvinosanganisira nzizi huru mbiri, Rwizi Munge kumadokero neRwizi Lerai kumabvazuva pamwe neChitubu cheNgotokitok chinodira mudhamu.
Mapoka makuru ezvikara zvinotonga pasi pegomba nembizi, mhanje, elands, Grant's nemhara dzaThompson ndidzo mhuka dzinonyanya kuonekwa. Asi gomba racho ndimowo musha we“mahombe mashanu” uye nzou, shumba, uye nyati zvinowanzoonekwa. Mbada hadziwanzoonekwa sezvo dzaida kugara mumasango ari kumucheto kwegomba. Chipembere chitema chinenge chatsakatika chinogonawo kuwanikwa mukireti uye zvinoonekwawo hazvishaike. Serval kitsi dzakaona mapere, uye makava anowanzoonekwawo nepo cheetah achinyanya kunetsa kuona.
Asi hazvisi mhuka dzinoyamwisa chete dzinogara mukuchengetedza uye nhamba huru dzemaflamingo madiki anogona kuonekwa paLake Magadi, dhamu rine alkaline. Dzimwe shiri dzinozivikanwa dzinosanganisira mhou, kori bustards, makora ane korona, magora ane ganda jena, makati matema, matinji emombe, makondo, magora nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Kufamba uchitevedza Ngorongoro Crater rim inoperekedzwa nemurwi ane zvombo kunotora vashanyi munzira yakagadzirwa nezvipfuwo, kupfuura miti yakafukidzwa nemoss nemaMasai bomas, ichipa maonero anofema pamusoro pegomba riri pazasi.
Ngorongoro Conservation Area inobatanidza nzvimbo dzakakura dzemapani, savanna, savanna woodlands, uye masango. Yakavambwa muna 1959 senzvimbo dzakawanda dzinoshandisa ivhu, iine mhuka dzesango dzichigara nevafudzi veMaasai vanofudza zvipfuwo zvechinyakare, inosanganisira inoshamisa Ngorongoro Crater, gomba guru repasi rose. Nzvimbo iyi ine kukosha kwepasirese pakuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvipenyu zviri kutyisidzirwa pasi rose, kuwanda kwemhuka dzesango dziri munzvimbo iyi, uye kutama kwegore negore kwemhanje, mbizi, mhara, nedzimwe mhuka kuenda kumapani ekuchamhembe. Tsvagiridzo yakakura yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakaburitsawo humbowo hurefu hwehumbowo hwekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu uye masimba enharaunda, kusanganisira yekutanga hominid tsoka dzinotangira makore 3.6 miriyoni.
Pfupi synthesis
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (809,440 ha) inobatanidza nzvimbo huru dzemapani emakomo, savanna, savanna woodlands, uye masango kubva mumapani eSerengeti National Park kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kusvika nechokumabvazuva kweGreat Rift Valley. Nzvimbo iyi yakavambwa muna 1959 senzvimbo inogara vanhu vakawanda, iine mhuka dzesango dzichigara nevafudzi veMaasai vanofudza mombe dzechinyakare. Inosanganisira inoshamisa Ngorongoro Crater, iyo yakakura pasi rose caldera, uye Olduvai Gorge, 14km kureba kwakadzika mupata. Nzvimbo iyi yakakosha pasi rose pakuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichipihwa kuvepo kwezvipenyu zviri mungozi pasi rose zvakaita seBlack Rhino, kuwanda kwemhuka dzesango dzinogara muNgorongoro Crater nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza gore rose, uye kutama kwegore negore kwemhara, mbizi, Thompson's nemhara dzaGrant uye dzimwe ungulates mumapani okuchamhembe.
Nzvimbo iyi yanga iri pasi pekutsvagisa kwakadzama kwekuchera matongo kweanopfuura makore makumi masere. Yakapa humbowo hurefu hwehumbowo hwekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu uye masimba ezvakatipoteredza, pamwe chete zvichienderera mberi kwenguva ingangoita mamirioni mana kusvika kunguva yekutanga yemazuva ano. Humbowo uhu hunosanganisira mafossilized footprints paLaetoli, akabatana nekukura kwebipedalism yemunhu, nhevedzano yemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, ari kubuda hominin mukati meOlduvai gorge, anobva kuAustralopiths akadai saZinjanthropus boisei kusvika kudzinza reHomo rinosanganisira Homo habilis, Homo erectus, uye Homo. sapiens; chimiro chekutanga cheHomo sapiens paLake Ndutu; uye, muNgorongoro crater, inoramba ichinyorwa kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwematombo uye shanduko yekushandiswa kwesimbi. Nzvimbo yese yenzvimbo iyi inoonekwa iine mukana wekuburitsa humbowo hwakawanda maererano nekusimuka kwevanhu vemazuva ano, maitiro echizvino-zvino, uye ecology yevanhu.
Criterion (iv): Ngorongoro Conservation Area yakapa humbowo hurefu hwakasiyana hwehumbowo hwakakosha hune chekuita nekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu uye masimba enharaunda, pamwe chete kubva pamamiriyoni mana emakore apfuura kusvika pakutanga kwenguva ino, kusanganisira humbowo hwemabhenji akakosha mukukura kwevanhu. Kunyangwe kududzirwa kweakawanda emagungano eOlduvai Gorge kuchiri kupokana, hukuru hwavo uye kuwanda kwavo kunoshamisa. Akawanda emhando yefossils mumutsara wehominin anobva kune ino saiti. Uyezve, kutsvagisa kweramangwana muchivakwa kungangoratidza humbowo hwakawanda maererano nekusimuka kwevanhu vemazuva ano, maitiro echizvino-zvino, uye ecology yevanhu.
Criterion (vii): Nzvimbo inokatyamadza yeNgorongoro Crater, yakasanganiswa nekukatyamadza kwayo kwemhuka dzesango, ndechimwe chezvishamiso zvikuru zvechisikigo zvepasi. Mhuka dzinoshamisa (zvinodarika miriyoni yemhuka) dzinopfuura nepakati penzvimbo sechikamu chekutama kwegore negore kwemhanje kuyambuka Serengeti ecosystem uye inobereka mubani mapfupi euswa akatarisana neNgorongoro Conservation Area/Serengeti National Park muganhu. Izvi zvinoumba chiitiko chakanakisa chemusikirwo.
Criterion (viii): Ngorongoro crater ndiro gomba guru pasi rose risina kuputika. Iyo crater neOlmoti neMpakaai craters chikamu chekumabvazuva kweRift Valley, ine kuputika kwemakomo kunotanga nguva dzekupedzisira dzeMesozoic / kutanga kweTertiary uye ine mukurumbira nekuda kweiyo geology. Nzvimbo iyi inosanganisirawo Laetoli neOlduvai Gorge, iyo ine yakakosha palaeontological rekodhi yekushanduka kwevanhu.
Criterion (ix): Kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, kuumbwa kwevhu, nekukwirira kwakakonzera kuti zvipenyu zvakati wandei uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzakasiyana, dzine mapani mapfupi euswa, masango anobata nzvimbo dzakakwirira, savanna masango, mapani marefu euswa hwemontane, uye nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakavhurika. Nzvimbo iyi chikamu cheSerengeti ecosystem, imwe yezvekupedzisira intact ecosystems munyika inotakura mhuka dzakakura uye dzinoshamisa dzinotama.
Criterion (x): Ngorongoro Conservation Area imusha kune huwandu hwemhuka hombe dzinosvika zviuru makumi maviri neshanu, kazhinji mhuka dzesango, padivi pehuwandu hwezvikara zvinodya zvinoyamwisa muAfrica, kusanganisira huwandu hweshumba hunozivikanwa (hunofungidzirwa makumi matanhatu nesere muna 25,000). Nzvimbo iyi ine mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dziri mungozi yokutsakatika, dzakadai seBlack Rhino, imbwa yokuvhima yemusango, katsi yendarama, uye marudzi 68 eshiri. Inotsigirawo kumwe kutama kukuru kwemhuka pasi pano, kusanganisira mhashu dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe, mbizi 1987, uye c.500 Thompson neGrant gazelles.
Kuvimbika
Nzvimbo yacho yakanyorwa pasi pemaitiro echisikigo (vii), (viii), (ix), uye (x) muna 1979 uye pasi pemaitiro etsika (iv) muna 2010. Nokudaro, chirevo chekutendeseka chinoratidza kutendeseka kwezvinhu zvakasikwa pazuva zvinyorwa muna 1979 uye zvetsika tsika muna 2010.
Nezvehunhu hwechisikigo, huswa nemasango enzvimbo inotsigira mhuka dzakakura kwazvo, dzisinganetsi nekurima panguva yekunyorwa. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzvimbo yacho hadzina kukanganiswa nebudiriro kana kurima zvachose panguva yekunyorwa. Kutendeseka kwenzvimbo kunowedzerwa zvakare nekuva chikamu cheSerengeti-Mara ecosystem. Iyo pfuma inobatana Serengeti National Park (1,476,300 ha), iyo inosanganisirwa paWorld Heritage List sechinhu chakasikwa. Kubatana mukati uye pakati pezvivakwa izvi uye nzvimbo dzinobatana, kuburikidza nekushanda kwemhuka dzesango, kwakakosha kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwekutama kwemhuka. Hapana kuvhima kunotenderwa muNgorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), asi kuvhima mhuka dzesango kuenderera mberi, kunoda kuti vanhu vafambe zvakanaka uye kuti vatevedzere mutemo. Mhuka dzinopinda munyama ihosi yekuramba ichinetseka, inoda kuramba ichitariswa uye chiito chinoshanda kana chaonekwa. Kudzvanyirirwa kwekushanya kuri kunetsawo, kusanganisira kukanganisa kunowedzera kushanya, zvivakwa zvitsva, traffic, kutambisa marara, kukanganisa mhuka dzesango, uye mukana wekuunza mhuka dzinoparadza.
Nzvimbo iyi inopa mafuro emafuro evafudzi veMaasai vanotama. Panguva yekunyorwa kwacho, vaMaasai vanofungidzirwa kuti zviuru makumi maviri vaigara panzvimbo iyi, vaine zvipfuyo zvinosvika zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe neshanu, izvo zvaifungidzirwa kuti zvinogona kuchengetwa munzvimbo iyi. Hapana kurima zvachose kunotenderwa zviri pamutemo panzvimbo iyi. Kuwedzera kukura kwevaMaasai nehuwandu hwemombe hunofanira kuramba huri pasi penzvimbo, uye kuwedzera kugara kwevanhu, kufudzwa kwemafuro emunharaunda, uye kupindira mune zvekurima kunokanganisa hunhu hwenzvimbo netsika. MuNgorongoro makanga musina vagari vemo uye Empaakai Craters kana sango panguva yakanyorwa muna 1979.
Iyo midziyo inosanganisira iyo inozivikanwa yekuchera matongo zvisaririra uye nzvimbo dzepamusoro archaeo-anthropological mukana uko kune hukama hunowanikwa hungaitwa. Nekudaro, kuvimbika kweiyo paleo-yekuchera matongo hunhu uye iyo yakasarudzika nzvimbo ine, kusvika pamwero, iri kutyisidzirwa uye nekudaro iri panjodzi nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekutevedzwa kwedziviriro zvirongwa zvine chekuita nehutongi hwemafuro uye kubva kune yakarongwa kuwana uye zviitiko zvine chekuita nevashanyi kuLaetoli. uye Olduvai Gorge.
nderechokwadi
Kazhinji, huchokwadi hwenzvimbo dzezvicherwa hazvipokane; zvisinei, zvichipiwa mamiriro ezvisaririra zvezvisaririra, mamiriro ezvinhu ezvisaririra zvezvisaririra zvinoda kuramba zvisina kukanganiswa (kunze kwemaitiro echisikigo ejoloji). Sezvo dossier yekudomwa isina ruzivo rwakakwana pane dzakawanda dzesaiti kutsanangura nzvimbo dzadzo dzakatambanudzwa kana nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo kana vimbiso yakakwana maererano nehurongwa hwekutarisira kuona kuti nzvimbo idzi dzinogara dzisina kukanganiswa uye dzisingatyisidzirwe nekupinda kwevashanyi, kuvaka. kana kufura mombe, chokwadi chadzo hachina njodzi.
Dziviriro uye manejimendi zvinodiwa
Iyo Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance ye1959 ndiwo mutemo wekutanga unochengetedza chivakwa. Nzvimbo iyi inotungamirwa neNgorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA). Iyo Division of Antiquities ine basa rekutonga nekuchengetedza paleo-anthropological zviwanikwa mukati meNgorongoro Conservation Area. Chibvumirano chekunzwisisa chinofanira kugadzwa uye kuchengetwa kuti hukama pakati pezviviri izvi zvive pachena.
Kutarisira zvivakwa kunotungamirwa neGeneral Management Plan. Parizvino, zvinangwa zvehutungamiriri ndezvekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvenzvimbo, kuchengetedza zvido zvevafudzi veMaasai, uye kusimudzira kushanya. Iyo manejimendi system uye Management Plan inoda kuwedzerwa kuti isanganise nzira yakabatanidzwa yetsika uye yechisikigo, ichiunza pamwe ecosystem zvinodiwa nezvinangwa zvetsika kuti uwane nzira yakagadzikana yekuchengetedza iyo Yakasarudzika Universal Kukosha kwenzvimbo, kusanganisira manejimendi ehuswa uye nekuchera matongo. zvekushandisa, uye kukurudzira ruzivo rwezvakatipoteredza netsika. Urongwa hunoda kuwedzera hutungamiri hwehutsika hutsika kunze kwehutano hwemagariro evanhu uye kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevanhu nemhuka dzesango kune zvinyorwa, kuchengetedza, uye kutungamirirwa kwezviwanikwa zvetsika uye kuongororwa kwezvinogona kuitika munzvimbo yakafara mumashoko ekuchera matongo.
NCAA inofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hwekuita kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwehurongwa hwayo hwekushandisa-zhinji, kusanganisira ruzivo rwekutonga kwekushandiswa kwehufundisi mukubatana nenharaunda yeMaasai nevamwe vane chekuita navo. Iyo NCAA inodawo kuona kuti vashandi vane hunyanzvi hwekugara nhaka uye hwetsika kuti vakwanise kugadzirwa zvakanaka, kubatanidzwa, uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzinoshanda, kusanganisira kushanya kwakanaka, kuwana, uye kuronga kwezvivakwa.
Kunzwisisa kwakazara kwekugona kwenzvimbo kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwevanhu uye kufudzwa kwezvipfuyo kunodiwa, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neruzhinji rweMaasai uye kuongororwa kwekukanganisa kwehuwandu hwevanhu pane zvisikwa uye matongo enzvimbo. Chirongwa chakabvumiranwa pakati peNCAA, vatungamiriri venharaunda yeMaasai, pamwe nevamwe vane chekuita chinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwevanhu uye huwandu hwemashandisirwo ezviwanikwa huri kuenzana nekuchengetedzwa kwehunhu hwayo hwechisikigo uye hwetsika, kusanganisira zvine chekuita nemafuro nekutonga kwemafuro. , uye kudzivisa kurwisana kwevanhu nemhuka dzomusango. Kutora chikamu kwevagari vemunharaunda mukuita sarudzo kwakakosha, kusanganisira kugadzira nzira dzekugovana zvikomborero kukurudzira pfungwa yevaridzi uye basa rekuchengetedza uye kushandiswa kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa uye tsika dzenzvimbo.
Hurongwa hwese hwekushanyirwa kwenzvimbo iyi chinhu chinodiwa kwenguva refu kuti zvese zvitungamire mashandisirwo enzvimbo yacho neruzhinji nzira dzekutaridza nzvimbo yacho uye kukoshesa kunaka kwechiitiko chekushanya kwete kuwanda kwevashanyi nenzvimbo dzekushanya. Kupinda kwemotokari kucrater nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzenzvimbo kunoda miganho yakajeka kuchengetedza kunaka kwechiitiko chenzvimbo uye kuona kuti hunhu hwechisikigo uye hwetsika haukanganiswe zvisina kufanira. Magadzirirwo uye zvivakwa zvekushanya kana manejimendi enzvimbo inokanganisa hunhu hwayo netsika haifanirwe kubvumidzwa.
Tichifunga nezvehukama hwakakosha, maererano nemasikirwo ezvivakwa kune anodyidzana matura, zvakakosha kumisa kushanda pamwe nekuenderera mberi pakati penzvimbo, Serengeti National Park, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeSerengeti-Mara ecosystem kuvimbisa kubatana kwekutama kwemhuka dzesango uye kuwiriranisa manejimendi. zvinangwa zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwekushanya, manejimendi enzvimbo, uye budiriro inoenderera.