Indawo Yokulondolozwa KwaseNgorongoro
I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area (iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO)
Usayizi: 8,292 sq km (3201 miles miles)
Yakha: 1959
Ibanga ukusuka e-Arusha: 180 km (110 amamayela)
Incazelo:
I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area isimemezele ngokusemthethweni iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO ngo-1979. Le ndawo inezindawo ezihlukahlukene futhi ihlanganisa amahlathi aminyene asezintabeni, ihlathi, amathafa, amachibi namaxhaphozi. Ezinye zezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zemivubukulo emhlabeni, njenge-Oldupai Gorge kanye ne-Laetoli zingatholakala endaweni yokongiwa kwe-Ngorongoro. Abavubukuli bathola ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi le ndawo yayigcwele ama-hominids eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3 edlule futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathi kungaba indawo yokuzalwa kwesintu.
Futhi-ke kukhona i-Ngorongoro Crater, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke engaphukile, engasebenzi, nengagcwaliswanga emhlabeni. Ngobubanzi obungaba amakhilomitha angu-19 (amamayela angu-12) kanye nezindonga zawo ezinhle eziphakama ngaphezudlwana nje kwamamitha angu-610 (amafidi angu-2000), iphansi le-crater lihlanganisa indawo engu-260 sq km (100 miles miles). Izilwane ezingaphezu kuka-30,000 okuhlanganisa nobhejane omnyama oyivelakancane zibiza le ndawo eyingqayizivele ikhaya lazo. Namuhla amaMasai angaphezu kuka-40,000 ahlala kule ndawo okwenza i-Ngorongoro Conservation Area ibe enye yezindawo ezimbalwa eTanzania lapho kuvunyelwe ukuhlala abantu endaweni evikelwe izilwane zasendle. Indawo yokongiwa kwemvelo ihlanganyela umngcele neSerengeti National Park futhi umuntu kufanele ashayele adlule endaweni yokongiwa kwemvelo ukuze afike eSerengeti.
Highlights:
Iphansi le-crater limbozwe izindawo ezihlukahlukene kusukela emahlathini aminyene nasezintabeni kuya ezindaweni ezinotshani, amachibi namaxhaphozi. Imithombo yamanzi ihlanganisa imifula emibili emikhulu, uMfula iMunge osentshonalanga kanye noMfula iLerai empumalanga kanye nesiphethu iNgotokitok esichithekela exhaphozini.
Imihlambi emikhulu yezilwane ezifuywayo ibusa i-crater floor ngamadube, izinkonkoni, ama-elands, ama-Grant's kanye ne-Thompson's gazelles okuyizinhlobo ezivame ukubonakala. Kodwa le ntaba-mlilo iyikhaya “lezilwane ezinkulu ezinhlanu” futhi izindlovu, amabhubesi, nezinyathi zivame ukubonakala. Izingwe azivamile ukubonakala njengoba zazikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini onqenqemeni lwe-crater. Ubhejane ocishe washabalala ungatholakala ekhreyithi futhi nokubonwa nakho akuvamile. Amakati angama-serval abona izimpisi, kanti izimpungushe nazo zivame ukubonakala kuyilapho izingulule kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona.
Kodwa akuzona kuphela izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala endaweni yokongiwa kwemvelo futhi inani elikhulu lama-flamingo amancane lingabonwa eLake Magadi, ichibi eligcwele alkali. Ezinye izinyoni ezivamile zihlanganisa izintshe, ama-kori bustards, ama-cranes ane-crown, amanqe amhlophe, ama-kite amnyama, ama-egret ezinkomo, ama-tawny eagle, ama-augur buzzards, nokunye okuningi.
Ukuhamba ngezinyawo eduze komngcele we-Ngorongoro Crater okuhambisana nonogada abahlomile kuthatha izivakashi endleleni edalwe imfuyo, kudlule izihlahla ezimbozwe ulesi kanye nama-Masai bomas, okuhlinzeka ngemibono edonsa umoya yomgodi ongezansi.
I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area ihlanganisa udedangendlale wamathafa asezintabeni, ama-savanna, ama-savanna woodlands namahlathi. Yasungulwa ngo-1959 njengezindawo eziningi ezisetshenziswa umhlaba, kanye nezilwane zasendle ezihlala nabelusi bamaMaasai abangayizihambi abadla imfuyo yesintu, ihlanganisa neNgorongoro Crater emangalisayo, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Le ndawo ibalulekile emhlabeni wonke ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokuba khona kwezilwane ezisengozini emhlabeni wonke, ukuminyana kwezilwane zasendle ezihlala endaweni, kanye nokufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kwezinkonkoni, idube, izinsephe nezinye izilwane emathafeni asenyakatho. Ucwaningo olunzulu lwemivubukulo luphinde lwaveza ukulandelana okude kobufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kanye namandla okuguquguquka kwemvelo yomuntu, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zokuqala ze-hominid ezisukela emuva eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-3.6.
Ukuhlanganisa kafushane
I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area (809,440 ha) ihlanganisa udedangendlale wamathafa asezintabeni, ama-savanna, ama-savanna woodlands, namahlathi kusukela emathafeni aseSerengeti National Park enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya engxenyeni esempumalanga yeGreat Rift Valley. Le ndawo yasungulwa ngo-1959 njengendawo esetshenziswa kakhulu umhlaba, kunezilwane zasendle ezihlala nabelusi bamaMasai abangayimizulane abaklama imfuyo yesiko. Ihlanganisa i-Ngorongoro Crater ekhangayo, i-caldera enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanye ne-Olduvai Gorge, umhosha ojulile ongama-14km ubude. Le ndawo ibalulekile emhlabeni wonke ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo uma kubhekwa ukuba khona kwezilwane ezisengozini emhlabeni wonke njengoRhino omnyama, ukuminyana kwezilwane zasendle ezihlala e-Ngorongoro Crater kanye nezindawo ezizungezile unyaka wonke, kanye nokufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kwezinkonkoni, idube, izinsephe zikaThompson kanye ne-Grant kanye amanye ama-ungulates emathafeni asenyakatho.
Le ndawo ibingaphansi kocwaningo olunzulu lwemivubukulo iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-80. Iveze ukulandelana okude kobufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kanye nokuguquguquka kwemvelo yomuntu, ngokuhlangene okudlulela esikhathini esicishe sibe yiminyaka eyizigidi ezine ukuya esikhathini sokuqala sesimanje. Lobu bufakazi buhlanganisa imilobo yezinyawo e-Laetoli, ehlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kwe-bipedalism yabantu, ukulandelana kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-hominin phakathi komhosha wase-Olduvai, osukela ku-Australopiths njenge-Zinjanthropus boisei kuya ohlwini lozalo lwe-Homo oluhlanganisa u-Homo habilis, i-Homo erectus, ne-Homo. ama-sapiens; uhlobo lokuqala lweHomo sapiens eLake Ndutu; futhi, emgodini waseNgorongoro, kusalokhu kuyimibhalo yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamatshe kanye nokushintshela ekusetshenzisweni kwensimbi. Indawo yonke yendawo ibonakala inamandla okuveza ubufakazi obengeziwe mayelana nokwanda kwabantu besimanjemanje, ukuziphatha kwesimanje, kanye nemvelo yabantu.
Umbandela (iv): I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area iveze ukulandelana okude ngendlela eyinqaba kobufakazi obubalulekile obuhlobene nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kanye namandla okuguquguquka kwemvelo, kusukela ngokuhlangene kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezine edlule kuya ekuqaleni kwale nkathi, okuhlanganisa nobufakazi obuphathekayo bezilinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu. Nakuba ukuhunyushwa kwemihlangano eminingi yase-Olduvai Gorge kusaphikiswana ngayo, ububanzi nobuningi bazo buyamangalisa. Eziningana zohlobo lwamathambo ohlwini lozalo lwe-hominin zivela kule sayithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwangomuso endaweni cishe luzoveza ubufakazi obengeziwe mayelana nokwanda kwabantu besimanjemanje, ukuziphatha kwesimanje, kanye nemvelo yabantu.
Umbandela (vii): Indawo emangalisayo ye-Ngorongoro Crater, kuhlanganiswe nokugcwala kwayo okumangalisayo kwezilwane zasendle, ingenye yezimangaliso zemvelo ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba. Izinombolo zezinkonkoni ezikhangayo (izilwane ezingaphezu kwesigidi) zidlula kule ndawo njengengxenye yokufuduka kwaminyaka yonke kwezinkonkoni zinqamula i-ecosystem ye-Serengeti futhi zizala emathafeni amafushane otshani anqamula umngcele we-Ngorongoro Conservation Area/Serengeti National Park. Lokhu kwakha isenzakalo semvelo esihle kakhulu.
Umbandela (viii): I-Ngorongoro crater iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni engaphukile. I-crater kanye ne-Olmoti kanye ne-Empakaai craters ziyingxenye ye-Rift Valley esempumalanga, lapho ukuqhuma kwayo kwentaba-mlilo kusukela ngasekupheleni kwe-Mesozoic / early Tertiary periods futhi idume nge geology yayo. Indawo futhi ihlanganisa i-Laetoli kanye ne-Olduvai Gorge, equkethe irekhodi elibalulekile le-paleeontological lokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu.
Umbandela (ix): Ukwehlukahlukana kwesimo sezulu, ukumila kwezwe, nokuphakama kwezwe kuye kwaphumela ekuhwebeni kwemvelo okuningana kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene, ezinamathafa otshani amafushane, amahlathi atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme, ama-savanna woodlands, amathafa anotshani obude be-montane, kanye nama-moorlands avulekile. Le ndawo iyingxenye ye-Serengeti ecosystem, enye yezindawo zokugcina eziphilayo ezingaguquki emhlabeni eziphethe ukufuduka kwezilwane ezinkulu nezimangalisayo.
Umbandela (x): Indawo Yokulondolozwa KwaseNgorongoro iyikhaya lezilwane ezinkulu ezingaba ngu-25,000, iningi labo okungama-ungulate, eduze nenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezilwane ezidla izilwane ezincelisayo e-Afrika, kuhlanganise namabhubesi aminyene kakhulu (okulinganiselwa ku-68 ngo-1987). Le ndawo inoxhaxha lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala, njengoBhejane Omnyama, inja yokuzingela yasendle, ikati elisagolide, nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-500. Iphinde isekele ukufuduka kwezilwane okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nezinkonkoni ezingaphezu kwesigidi, amadube angu-1, kanye nezinsephe ezingu-72,000 ze-Thompson ne-Grant.
Ubuqotho
Indawo yabhalwa ngaphansi kwemibandela yemvelo (vii), (viii), (ix), kanye (x) ngo-1979 nangaphansi kwemibandela yamasiko (iv) ngo-2010. Ngakho, isitatimende sobuqotho sibonisa ubuqotho bamanani emvelo ngosuku ukubhaliswa ngo-1979 kanye namagugu amasiko ngo-2010.
Mayelana namagugu emvelo, izindawo ezinotshani nezinkuni zendawo zisekela izilwane eziningi kakhulu, ezingaphazanyiswa ukulinywa ngesikhathi sokuloba. Ububanzi bezwe bendawo abuthintwanga ukuthuthukiswa noma ukulima okuhlala njalo ngesikhathi sokuloba. Ubuqotho besakhiwo buphinde buthuthukiswe ngokuba yingxenye ye-ecosystem ye-Serengeti-Mara. Impahla ihlangana ISerengeti National Park (1,476,300 ha), nayo efakwe ohlwini lwamagugu omhlaba njengendawo yemvelo. Ukuxhumana phakathi naphakathi kwalezi zakhiwo kanye nezindawo eziseduze, ngokusebenzisa amaphasishi ezilwane zasendle asebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ubuqotho bokufuduka kwezilwane. Akukho ukuzingela okuvunyelwe e-Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), kodwa ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kwezilwane zasendle kuwusongo oluqhubekayo, oludinga ukugada okuphumelelayo kanye namandla okuqinisa umthetho. Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo ziwumthombo wokukhathazeka okuqhubekayo, ezidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nesinyathelo esisebenzayo uma zitholwa. Ingcindezi yezokuvakasha nayo iyakhathaza, okuhlanganisa imithelela engaba khona yokwanda kokuvakashelwa, ingqalasizinda emisha, ukuhamba kwezimoto, ukulawulwa kwemfucuza, ukuphazamiseka kwezilwane zasendle kanye namandla okwethulwa kwezilwane ezihlaselayo.
Le ndawo ihlinzeka ngamadlelo afuyile amaMasai angeyimizulane. Ngesikhathi sokuloba, amaMaasai alinganiselwa ku-20,000 ayehlala kule ndawo, enemfuyo engaba ngu-275,000, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ingaphezu kwamandla esiqiwu. Akukho ukulima okuphakade okuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni endaweni. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesibalo samaMaasai kanye nenani lezinkomo kufanele kuhlale kungaphansi kwamandla wendawo, futhi ukwanda kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukudlisa ngokweqile kwendawo, kanye nokungena kwezolimo kusongela amanani emvelo kanye namasiko wendawo. Zazingekho izakhamuzi eNgorongoro futhi I-Empaakai Craters noma ihlathi ngesikhathi sokuloba ngo-1979.
Isakhiwo sihlanganisa izinsalela ezaziwayo zemivubukulo kanye nezindawo ezinamandla amakhulu e-archaeo-anthropological lapho okutholakala khona okuhlobene kungenziwa. Kodwa-ke, ubuqotho bezimpawu ezithile ze-paleo-archaeological kanye nesimo sezwe esibucayi, ngokwezinga elithile, sisengozini futhi ngaleyo ndlela sisengozini ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuphoqelelwa kwezinhlelo zokuvikela ezihlobene namadlelo kanye nokufinyelela okuhlongozwayo kanye nentuthuko ehlobene nezivakashi e-Laetoli. kanye ne-Olduvai Gorge.
bobuqiniso
Ngokuvamile, ubuqiniso bezindawo zemivubukulo abungabazeki; nokho, uma kubhekwa ubunjalo bezindawo zezinsalela, ingqikithi yezinsalela zemivubukulo idinga ukuhlala ingaphazanyiswa (ngaphandle kwezinqubo zemvelo zokwakheka komhlaba). Njengoba idosi yokuqokwa ingenayo imininingwane eyanele enemininingwane eminingi yezindawo eziningi ukuchaza izindawo ezinwetshiwe noma izindawo zokuzwela kwezakudala noma iziqinisekiso ezanele ngokwamalungiselelo okuphatha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi iziza zizohlala zingaphazanyiswa futhi zingasongelwa ukungena kwezivakashi, ukwakhiwa. noma izinkomo eziklabile, ubuqiniso bazo busengozini.
Izidingo zokuvikela nokuphatha
I-Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance ka-1959 ingumthetho oyinhloko ovikela indawo. Le ndawo iphethwe yiNgorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA). I-Division of Antiquities inesibopho sokuphatha nokuvikela izinsiza ze-paleo-anthropological ngaphakathi kwe-Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Imemorandamu yokuqonda kufanele isungulwe futhi igcinwe ukuze kwenziwe ubudlelwano obusemthethweni phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano ezimbili.
Ukuphathwa kwezakhiwo kuqondiswa yi-General Management Plan. Njengamanje, izinhloso eziyinhloko zokuphatha ukulondoloza imithombo yemvelo yendawo, ukuvikela izithakazelo zabelusi bamaMasai, nokukhuthaza ezokuvakasha. Uhlelo lokuphatha kanye noHlelo Lokuphatha kumele lwandiswe ukuze luhlanganise indlela edidiyelwe yamasiko nemvelo, okuhlanganisa izidingo ze-ecosystem nezinjongo zamasiko ukuze kuzuzwe indlela eqhubekayo yokulondoloza Ivelu Evelele Lendawo Yonke yendawo, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwezindawo ezinotshani kanye nesayensi yemivubukulo. kanye nokukhuthaza ukuqwashisa ngemvelo namasiko. Uhlelo ludinga ukunweba ukuphathwa kwezimfanelo zamasiko ngale kwezindaba zomphakathi kanye nokuxazululwa kwezingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane zasendle kuya ekubhalweni, ukongiwa, nokuphathwa kwezinsiza zamasiko kanye nophenyo lwamandla okwakheka kwezwe okubanzi ngokwemibandela yemivubukulo.
I-NCAA kumele ibe namandla kanye namakhono akhethekile ukuze iqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwayo lokusebenzisa izinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa nolwazi lokuphathwa kokwelusa ngokubambisana nomphakathi wamaMaasai kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza abafanelekile. I-NCAA idinga futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzi banamakhono amagugu emvelo namasiko ukuze bathole amasu okulondoloza imvelo aklanywe kahle, adidiyelwe, nasebenza ngempumelelo, okuhlanganisa ukuvakasha okuphumelelayo, ukufinyelela, nokuhlelwa kwengqalasizinda.
Kudingeka ukuqonda okuphelele kwamandla omhlaba ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokusetshenziswa kwabantu namadlelo emfuyo, okusekelwe ezidingweni zabantu baseMaasai kanye nokuhlolwa komthelela wenani labantu kumvelo kanye nesayensi yemivubukulo yendawo. Kudingeka isu elihlanganyelwe elihlanganyelwe phakathi kwe-NCAA, abaholi bomphakathi wamaMaasai, kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi amazinga abantu kanye namazinga okusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ahambisana nokuvikelwa kwezimpawu zawo zemvelo namasiko, okuhlanganisa maqondana namadlelo kanye nokuphathwa kotshani. , kanye nokugwema ukungqubuzana kwabantu nezilwane zasendle. Ukubamba iqhaza okubonakalayo kwemiphakathi ehlalayo ezinqubweni zokuthatha izinqumo kubalulekile, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukisa izindlela zokwabelana ngenzuzo ukuze kugqugquzelwe umuzwa wobunikazi kanye nesibopho sokongiwa nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yemvelo namasiko yendawo.
Isu eliphelele lezokuvakasha lale ndawo liyisidingo sesikhathi eside sokuqondisa ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kwendawo kanye nezindlela zokwethula indawo kanye nokubeka eqhulwini izinga lesipiliyoni sezokuvakasha esikhundleni senani lezivakashi kanye nezinsiza zezokuvakasha. Ukufinyelela kwezimoto emgodini we-crater nakwezinye izindawo ezidumile zendawo kudinga imingcele ecacile ukuze kuvikelwe ikhwalithi yesipiliyoni sesakhiwo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izici zemvelo nezamasiko aziphazanyiswa ngokungafanele. Ukuthuthukiswa nengqalasizinda yezokuvakasha noma yokuphatha indawo ephazamisa izici zayo zemvelo namasiko akufanele kuvunyelwe.
Ngokucabangela ubudlelwano obubalulekile, ngokwemvelo yendawo neziqiwi ezixhumene nayo, kubalulekile ukusungula ukusebenzisana okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo phakathi kwendawo, iSerengeti National Park, nezinye izindawo ze-ecosystem ye-Serengeti-Mara ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane zasendle ezifudukayo kanye nokuphatha ngokuvumelana. izinjongo ezimayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezokuvakasha, ukuphathwa kwezwe, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo.