Izizwe zaseTanzania

I-Tanzania yaziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwayo kwamasiko okucebile, namaqembu ezizwe nezizwe ezingaphezu kwe-100. Iningi lezizwe zaseTanzania ziphuma kwimvelaphi ye-Bantu, emele cishe u-95% wabantu bezwe.

Ezinye izizwe zihlanganisa izikhulumi ze-Nilotic kanye nabazingeli bomdabu kanye nenzalo yabaqoqi. Iphesenti elincane laseTanzania livela ku-Arabhu futhi Indian ukwehla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini, i-Dar Es Salaam kanye Zanzibar.

Uhlolojikelele lomlando

Umlando wezizwe zaseTanzania ungalandelelwa emuva kubazingeli abakhuluma isiKhoisan, okucatshangwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseTanzania. Emakhulwini eminyaka, amagagasi ezizwe ezihlukahlukene athuthela esifundeni, ikakhulukazi abantu abakhuluma isiBantu abavela eNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa. Bethule amakhono e-aronworking kanye namakhono amasha ezolimo, aba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sobuzwe bezizwe emphakathini waseTanzania.

Izizwe Ezidumile eTanzania

ETanzania, kusenezizwe ezihlala ngokwesiko, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni (kodwa nakwezinye izindawo), izizwe eziningi zixubile, futhi abantu baphila impilo yesimanje. Basahlonza njengengxenye yesizwe sabo, kodwa bahlala ezindlini ezijwayelekile, ezindaweni ezixutshwe nezinye izizwe nezinkolo.

Izizwe ezinkulu eTanzania zihlanganisa:

ISukuma

AmaSukuma yisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke eTanzania, ahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zokuphatha zaseMwanza naseShinyanga. Amanye amaSukuma nawo ahlala ezifundazweni zaseTabora, eDodoma naseSingida.

Kanye namaChagga, ayizizwe ezinamandla nezinethonya elikhulu kwezamabhizinisi nakwezombangazwe, kanye nedlanzana lamaNdiya nama-Arab.

Nakuba kunemibhalo engokomlando elinganiselwe etholakalayo mayelana namaSukuma, kukholakala ukuthi okhokho bawo bavela kubantu abakhuluma isiBantu eNtshonalanga Afrika. Ukufudukela kwabo endaweni abakuyo manje eTanzania kwenzeka emakhulwini eminyaka.

Ngokomlando, izazi zezolimo, amaSukuma, zitshala izitshalo kakhulu futhi zisebenza nabalimi abancane. Baziwa ngomdanso wabo, 'i-Bugobogobo', umdanso wenyoka, into ebalulekile phakathi kwemikhuba yabo eminingi yokwelapha kanye nekamoya.

AbakwaNyamwezi

ENtshonalanga Tanzania, isizwe samaNyamwezi singesesibili ngobukhulu ngemva kwamaSukuma. Igama labo, elithi Nyamwezi, lihunyushwa ngokuthi “abantu benyanga,” okuyimfanelo efakazela amasiko abo asendulo okukhulekela inyanga.

Kukholakala ukuthi abantu bakwaNyamwezi bazinza entshonalanga-maphakathi neTanzania ngekhulu le-17. Lesi sizwe sakhiwe imibuso eminingana ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, njengo-Unyanyembe, Ulyankhulu, kanye no-Urambo.

I-Unyanyembe yayinethonya elikhulu njengoba yayilawula iTabora, idolobha elikhulu lezohwebo, futhi inobudlelwane obuseduze nama-Arabs aseZanzibar. Kuwo wonke umlando wabo, abantu bakwaNyamwezi babehweba ezindaweni ezikude futhi behlola.

Emphakathini wendabuko wamaNyamwezi, imimoya yokhokho yayidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Amadlozi kwakukholelwa ukuthi anamandla okuthonya abaphilayo ngendlela enhle noma embi, futhi amasiko nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhulekela kwakuhloswe ngazo ukushweleza le mimoya.

AmaChaga

AmaChagga, abuye aziwe ngokuthi amaWachaga ngesiSwahili, ayisizwe samaBantu esiphuma esifundeni saseKilimanjaro saseTanzania.

Bamelela isizwe sesithathu ngobukhulu esizweni. AmaChagga ayehlelwe ngokwesiko aba yizifundazwe ezizimele ezazikhona emithambekeni yeNtaba iKilimanjaro ngaphambi kokubuswa kwamakoloni.

Lesi sifunda, ngokomlando esaziwa ngokuthi yiChaggaland noma i-Uchaggani ngesiSwahili, sasihlanganisa iqoqo lemibuso yeBantu eyayikhona ngaphambi kokubusa kwamakholoni.

AmaChagga anomlando wamasiko onothileyo ophawulwe ngababusi bendabuko bendawo abaziwa ngokuthi 'uMangi.' Bahlala ezindlini ezibizwa ngokuthi iKihamba, okuyiziza zomhlaba ezidluliswa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

AmaChagga ayisizwe esinamandla, kanti i-Arusha/Moshi iyisifunda esinamandla. Abanye abantu basaphila ngokwesintu, kodwa abaningi bakha izindlu ezinhle, zesimanje.

AmaMasai

Ngokuphambene, amaMaasai (kanye nezinye izizwe ezimbalwa ezifana namaHadzabe) zisaphila ngokwesiko. Ngisho nalapho befika edolobheni, bavame ukugqoka izingubo zabo zendabuko, banamathele ndawonye futhi bakhulume ulimi lwabo.

Abantu baseMaasai kukholakala ukuthi banezimpande zabo esigodini saseNayile eNyakatho Afrika. Cishe ngekhulu le-15, baqala ukuthuthela eNingizimu, bagcina befinyelele eKenya naseTanzania yanamuhla. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nele-18, amaMaasai ayesezingeni eliphezulu, ebusa izindawo eziningi zaseMpumalanga Afrika.

Njengoba siphawuleka ngamasiko nokugqoka kwaso okuhlukile, lesi sizwe siphila impilo yokuzulazula, sithembele kakhulu ekwaluseni imfuyo.

AmaMaasai abonakala kalula ngekhodi yawo yokugqoka (Shuka), ubucwebe obunobuhlalu, kanye nomkhuba ophawulekayo wokuguqula umzimba, njengokubhoboza izindlebe nokuzelula.

Umcimbi wamasiko obalulekile umcimbi wokuqalisa iqhawe, owaziwa ngokuthi 'u-Eunoto,' lapho izinsizwa zama-Maasai zishintshela ekubeni abantu abadala, ziwanika izibopho ezintsha phakathi kwesizwe.

The Hehe

Isizwe samaHehe, esaziwa ngokuqina namasiko aso empi, siphethe iSifunda sase-Iringa eningizimu emaphakathi neTanzania.

Ngokomlando, amaHehe asungulwa emiphakathini eminingi yakudala ngeminyaka yekhulu le-19, ehlangana ngaphansi komholi wawo odumile, iNduna uMkwawa. Lobu bunye ngokuyinhloko bekuwukumelana nezinsongo zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezivela kubahwebi bezigqila kanye namakoloni aseYurophu.

Lesi sici samagugu abo amasiko siyaphawuleka futhi siyakhunjulwa nanamuhla.

Ngokwenhlalo nangokwezomnotho, amaHehe asebenza kakhulu ekulimeni nasekufuyweni.

UGogo

Isizwe sakwaGogo sakhiwe yiqembu eliphakathi kweBantu elihlala esifundeni saseDodoma maphakathi neTanzania. Bayingxenye yabantu abaningi baseBantu abafudukela e-Afrika cishe eminyakeni eyi-2,000 kuya kweziyi-3,000 edlule.

Abantu bakwaGogo bahlukene futhi badlangile njengomlando wabo. Baziwa ngomculo wabo wesintu, okuqukethe izinsimbi zasekhaya ezifana neZeze (insimbi enezintambo ezimbili), izigubhu ezihlukahlukene, kanye neNdono eyingqayizivele, insimbi yocingo olulodwa eyenziwe ngegula.

I-Haya

Njengoba behlala esifundeni saseKagera eduze nogu lweLake Victoria, abantu baseHaya banomlando ocebile wamasiko.

Baziwa nangokuthi ama-Wahaya ngesiSwahili, kukholakala ukuthi baphuma eqenjini labalimi abasebenzisa insimbi abanda ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zase-Afrika. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu lokhu ngoba laba bantu beNkathi Yensimbi bacija ikusasa elizoholela esizweni samaHaya esiwazi namuhla.

 Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi baqala ukukhiqiza insimbi, noma insimbi eqinile, kusukela eminyakeni engu-2000 edlule. Lokhu kusho ukuthi laba bantu bokuqala babethole izindlela ezihlakaniphile zokuhlanganisa izinsimbi ukuze bazenze ngaphambi kwabanye abaningi emhlabeni.

Isizwe samaHaya saziwa ngesakhiwo saso esiyingqayizivele, esihlanganisa izindlu ezinkulu eziwurawondi ezakhiwe ngodaka notshani ezibizwa nge-mushing.

AMakonde

Sisuka eMozambique, isizwe samaMakonde sazinza engxenyeni eseningizimu yeTanzania, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseMtwara.

Abantu baseMakonde baziwa emhlabeni wonke ngamakhono abo okuqopha ukhuni nemisebenzi yobuciko eyinkimbinkimbi ngokhuni lomtholo, oluhlanganisa izinhlobo zabantu nezezilwane kanye nezingcezu ezingabonakali.

Isizwe sinohlelo lozalo luka-matrilineal, olunokubaluleka okumangalisayo okunikezwa ngasohlangothini lomndeni wesifazane. IMakonde iphinde ibe nomcimbi waminyaka yonke wokuthwasa, owaziwa ngokuthi Nguvumali, lapho abafana abancane namantombazane beshintshela ekubeni abantu abadala, okuphawulwa yizimfundiso zendabuko kanye nemikhuba engokomfanekiso.

AbakwaPare

Njengoba sihlala eNyakatho-Mpumalanga yeTanzania, isizwe samaPare sihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili - ama-Asu namaChasu. Izintaba zasePare zinikeza indawo ekahle yokuphila kwazo kwezolimo, okuphawuleka ngokutshala ubhanana, ubhontshisi, ummbila nekhofi.

AmaPare anesakhiwo senhlalo esiyingqayizivele esihlanganisa ipolitiki encane ezimele, ngayinye eholwa umbusi oyifa, ekhombisa ubunkimbinkimbi benhlangano yabo yezepolitiki.

Okugqamile kwamasiko okubalulekile umdanso we-Ijanja, ukusebenza kwendabuko okuhlanganisa ukunyakaza okunesigqi nemisindo edala umbukwane okhangayo.

I-Makua

Nakuba sitholakala kakhulu eMozambique, isizwe samaMakua sikhona kakhulu eTanzania, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Mtwara.

Isakhiwo sabo somphakathi ngokwesiko singokwesiko, sigcizelela kakhulu uzalo lwabesilisa. Ngokwesiko, isizwe samaMakua saziwa ngokuluka, amadoda enza amacansi nobhasikidi besifazane.

Baziwa kakhulu ngomculo wabo nomdanso, ohlanganisa isigqi nezingoma eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinhlelweni zabo.

AmaZaramo

Isizwe samaZaramo, esaziwa ngomphakathi waso oqinile we-matrilineal, sihlala kakhulu esifundeni esisogwini lwaseTanzania, phakathi kwedolobha elikhulu laseTanzania, iDar es Salaam. Abantu baseZaramo benza inhlanganisela yezinkolo zendabuko kanye ne-Islam, ebilokhu idlangile kule ndawo kusukela ngekhulu le-18.

Njengabalimi nabadobi, amaZaramo alima izilimo eziyinhloko njengommbila, irayisi, ubhontshisi nomdumbula. Ngaphandle kwezolimo, lesi sizwe sinekhono kwezobuciko nobungcweti.

Izinkulumo zabo zobuciko zihlanganisa izitsha zobumba nokubaza ngokhuni. Baphinde bazijwayeze nomdanso owaziwa ngokuthi uMdundiko.

IZigua

Abantu baseZigua, abasesifundeni saseTanga eTanzania, bayiqembu elinemikhuba eqinile yezolimo, ikakhulukazi elima ilayisi, amabele, umdumbula, nokudoba njalo ezindaweni ezisogwini.

Ngokomlando, abantu baseZigua badlale indima enkulu ekuhwebeni okude emigwaqweni yama-caravan phakathi kogu lwaseMpumalanga Afrika kanye neLake Tanganyika.

Esikweni lama-Zigua, umdanso nomculo kunendawo evelele emicikilishweni yabo yendabuko kanye nemikhosi. Omunye umcimbi onjalo wumdanso othi “Ukala” okuwumdanso wokuzingela. Besebenzisa izinsimbi ezifana nezigubhu nokukhenceza, abadlali bajabulisa izethameli zabo ngenhlanganisela yemisindo enesigqi namaculo.

UHadza noSandawe

Izizwe zamaHadza kanye namaSandawe, ezithathwa njengezizwe zomdabu eTanzania, zisaqhubeka nokuphila impilo yokuzingela. Baphawuleka ngezilimi zabo 'zokuchofoza' eziyingqayizivele, babelana ngezici zolimi ezifanayo nezilimi zamaKhoisan ezikhulunywa amaSan aseNingizimu Afrika.

I-Iraqw

Njengoba sihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezipholile zaseNyakatho Emaphakathi neTanzania, isizwe sase-Iraqw siye salondoloza ulimi lwaso oluhlukile lwesiCushitic, ulimi oluhlukile ezilimini ezivame kakhulu eTanzania, isiBantu, isiNilotic nesiKhoisan. I-Iraqw ngokuyinhloko ingabalimi bezolimo, besebenzisa ukuqonda kwabo inhlabathi yentaba-mlilo evundile yale ndawo ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo eziningi.

Isizwe ngasinye saseTanzania sifaka izwe ngezimfanelo zalo ezihlukile zamasiko, zomlando, nezenhlalo. Ngokuhlangene, ziyisibonelo sokwehlukahlukana okucebile okuhlinzekwa yiTanzania, kunanela ubuciko beqiniso base-Afrika bamasiko ezizwe angagcini nje ngokusinda kodwa achumayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yalesi sizwe saseMpumalanga Afrika.